Reasons for Defining and Criminalizing Terrorism in International Law E

Fear based oppression is centered around an uneven conviction that directs gigantic devastation of establishments, establishments and national images. It speaks to a way of thinking, which doesn't agree to presence of mind. Fear mongering acts involve singular brain science, tireless philosophy, strict responsibility, or political energy. The most crushing fear based oppression assault in the United States was on September 11, 2001. Other U S assaults were the Manhattan assault in 1997, the Anthrax assault in 2001, an earlier World Trade Center assault in 1993, the Wall Street Bombing assault in 1920, and the Kalama City shelling in 1995 (Askshintala, 2013). Psychological oppression assaults have additionally occurred in Israel, Greece, Chechnya a fringe among Russia and European nations and India (Askshintala, 2013). These assaults and different assaults that were not as pulverizing have gotten a lot of a universal lawful discussion on fear mongering. Psychological warfare ought to be condemned under global law. During the 21st Century demonstrations of residential and worldwide fear based oppression have essentially expanded. In this manner the worldwide network of countries has the test to receive a typical way to deal with the treatment of fear based oppression as a global wrongdoing. The test at present is for the worldwide network of countries to receive a typical way to deal with the treatment of fear mongering as a global wrongdoing (Lawless, 2008). Truth be told, psychological warfare is a universal wrongdoing it requires the global network to act in the counteraction of fear based oppression and the assent of people executing demonstrations of terrorism(Lawless, 2008). The September 2011 assault on the United States has introduced an open door for the internationalist powers to go to the bleeding edge of the worldwide political plan. ... ... of the Terrorist Attack: Economic, Financial and Policy Consequences. Recovered from Council on Foreign Relations Web website: http://www.cfr.org/fear mongering and-the-economy/repercussions psychological militant assault monetary money related strategy outcomes/p4041 Uncivilized, M. (2008, October 8). Fear mongering: An International Crime. Recovered from Canadaian Military Journal: http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo9/no2/05-uncivilized eng.asp Saul, B. (2014, February 28). Three Reasons for Defining and Criminalizing Terrorism. Recovered from Esil-sedi.eu Web website: http://www.esil-sedi.eu/destinations/default/records/Saul_0.PDF Staff. (2013, November 7). Word reference. Recovered from World Net Princeton Web webpage: http://wordnetweb.princetion.edu/peri/webwn?s=terrorist%20group Walker, J. (2001, September 15). The Cause of Terrorism. Recovered from No Beliefs.com Web webpage: http://www.nobeliefs.com/terrorism.htm

High Cost of Poverty in the United States Essay Example for Free

Significant expense of Poverty in the United States Essay Neediness can be characterized from numerous points of view. In specific endeavors, it tends to be utilized in numbers, while different definitions can be progressively obscure, and used to characterize a way of life. The characterized term of neediness is â€Å"the condition of one who comes up short on a standard or socially adequate measure of cash or material possessions†. (Mirriam Webster, 2011) According to the U.S. Evaluation Bureau, in excess of 37 million individuals live underneath the destitution line. â€Å"The positions of Americas poor expand to just about 1 out of 6 individuals a year ago, arriving at another high as long haul joblessness left a large number of Americans battling and unemployed. The quantity of uninsured edged up to 49.9 million, the greatest in more than two decades.† (Yen, 2011) Poverty is clearly normal in our nation, and everywhere throughout the world. Indeed, even with the United States being the wealthiest nation on the planet, we despite everything have numerous Americans who battle regularly to endure. The theme I decided to concentrate on is the significant expense of destitution, and how it really costs more to be poor. In spite of the fact that it appears to be a confusing expression, it is an extremely reasonable point. I picked this point since I have by and by been engaged with the two sides of monetary statuses. In spite of the fact that I don't live in outrageous destitution, I actually have a pay that falls inside the line of neediness, yet I don't have a family to help and have understudy advances to live off of. I needed to know further detail of how the individuals who just experience destitution, have restricted options, and how their drawbacks really cost them more cash. My own background is one from an upper working class family, and was brought up in a rich suburb in a predominately white network. My family never had money related battles, so I had no involvement in doing combating bills. I worked in secondary school and had my own cash, yet I had nothing to pay for. I thought I made a good measure of cash making $7 60 minutes, and just working 15-20 hours per week. For an individual without any bills or leases to pay for, $150-200 seven days was a great deal to me. As of late, I moved out of my parent’s rural home and into the city to be nearer to class and addition some freedom as a grown-up. I make about $250-400 every week, contingent upon the action of the eatery I server at. I before long understood that I am extremely reliant on my two flat mates to part bills and lease, since I would never bear to live all alone. Despite the fact that we live in a low salary neighborhood, the expense of food, lease, electric, warmth and link charges stack up, and I battle to pay them. I likewise just compensation 33% of the full expense. I have a vehicle I have to place gas in, a rec center participation I pay month to month and charge card charges each month. I presently perceive how individuals that make the same amount of, or short of what I do, battle considerably more to make a decent living when their pay is at the leader of the family. I needed to demonstrate to individuals that it is increasingly costly to be poor, in light of the absence of assets, pay and credit, and furthermore what their alternatives become for endurance because of these conditions. I likewise did a quantitative report on leasing as opposed to possessing a thing, to show that it really costs more to lease something than to buy it forthright. I decided to test a similar three things from two unique stores, and recording the costs to see the distinctions of leasing and possessing it. I am mindful that most people in destitution, normally need more cash to buy things or homes forthright so they frequently lease them, figuring they can bear the cost of week after week or regularly scheduled installments to loosen up their salary to manage the cost of other life necessities. My first idea I decided to center was access to food. I contemplated the amount I spend on the food I appreciate for only for me by and by, and I think it is costly. I appreciate foods grown from the ground vegetables, brand name grains and costly breads. Since I grew up eating the specific brands, I proceed to attempt to manage the cost of the things I like. Being a person with a low pay, I can't envision supporting myself, however a family exclusively on my pay. In this examination paper, I will clarify the hardships of getting to and from the market, and on the off chance that you can't, you have to shop somewhere else, for example, corner stores.† Prices in urban corner stores are quite often higher, financial analysts state. Also, now and then, costs in stores in more unfortunate neighborhoods are higher. A large number of these stores charge more on the grounds that the expense of working together in certain areas is higher.† [ (Brown, 2009) ] This can prompt investing additional energy, peril, stress, and at long last, costing the individual more cash. It likewise powers those with less cash to spend, higher hazard for corpulence. â€Å"Inequitable access to sound nourishments is one component by which financial elements impact the eating regimen and wellbeing of a population†. (Drewnowski, 2009) Since they don't have the cash to manage the cost of sound decisions, they should pick nourishments that they can loosen up so as to take care of their families, regardless of whether it isn't solid. My next idea I decided to contemplate was the cost of the lowest pay permitted by law, and how it isn’t actually the base inclusion of standard living. In New York State, the lowest pay permitted by law is $7.25. â€Å"About 20% of American grown-ups who have employments are acquiring under $10.65 60 minutes. Indeed, even at 40 hours every week, that adds up to under $22,314, which is the neediness level for a group of four†. [ (Isidore, 2011) ]. This just expresses a month to month salary of about $1,000-$2,000 is practically difficult to get by on. This may prompt terrible credit, constrained into leasing, and having individuals do risky or crime to get cash or things for their families. The neediness rate for all individuals masks significant variety among racial and ethnic subgroups. Neediness rates for blacks and Hispanics extraordinarily surpass the national normal. As indicated by the United States Census Bureau, â€Å"In 2010, 27.4 percent of blacks and 26.6 percent of Hispanics were poor, contrasted with 9.9 percent of non-Hispanic whites and 12.1 percent of Asians.† (Bureau of the Census, 2011) Poverty rates are regularly the most noteworthy for families headed by single ladies, especially on the off chance that they are dark or Hispanic. â€Å"In 2010, 31.6 percent of families headed by single ladies were poor, while 15.8 percent of families headed by single men and 6.2 percent of wedded couple family units lived in poverty.† (Bureau of the Census, 2011). â€Å"The official neediness level is a yearly pay of $22,314 for a group of four â€Å". (Yen, 2011) All things considered, contingent upon the size of a family, a family living in neediness has a normal pay of under $20,000. This can incorporate couples with youngsters, single guardians with at least one kids. Obviously, this isn't a ton of cash to help a family on, and along these lines they need to find a way to endure, which brings about greater expenses, and adding to the announcement of the significant expense of neediness. You must be rich to be poor. This is the thing that a few people, who have never lived beneath the neediness line, dont comprehend. The more unfortunate you are, the more things cost. Extra strides in cash, time, bother, depletion, and risk. This is an unavoidable truth that TV, magazines and media, don't regularly clarify. Take for instance, food. To begin with, in the event that you don't have a vehicle, getting to the grocery store can take somewhere in the range of one to three hours of open transportation, and costing a cost to utilize the transport or a taxi. To utilize the technique for open transportation, it is important to need to stack the entirety of your food supplies into the transport, or taxi. This is constraining to space and capacity of conveying the entirety of some food supplies. A less complex rendition of this is stroll to the corner store, for nothing, yet where the basic food item choice is restricted and costs are multiplied. â€Å"Prices in urban corner stores are quite often higher, financial experts state. Furthermore, now and then, costs in general stores in less fortunate neighborhoods are higher. A large number of these stores charge more on the grounds that the expense of working together in certain areas is higher.† (Brown, 2009) Also, on the off chance that you are living in destitution, you will probably not be bringing in enough cash to purchase $100 or increasingly worth of food supplies for your family. This outcomes in the individual or family going through more cash, to either get to the supermarket, or paying more for the food to set aside cash venturing out to and from. At long last, it is a losing circumstance, and the poor are paying more at long last than somebody who is well off and approaches the important assets. Going through more cash than working class, or rich class to purchase staple goods is one case of how high the expense of neediness is. On the off chance that the poor is going through cash in the corner stores, they are probably not getting nutritious nourishments or solid decisions that most corner stores don't convey. Corpulence is an immediate outcome from that, seeing that unfortunate nourishments cost path not exactly good dieting does.† Obesity and type 2 diabetes follow a financial inclination. Most noteworthy rates are seen among bunches with the least degrees of instruction and pay and in the most denied zones. Discriminatory access to solid nourishments is one component by which financial variables impact the eating regimen and wellbeing of a population†. (Drewnowski, 2009) Low pay levels leave individuals no decision yet to pick nourishments that are supplement poor, since it is a value that can manage the cost of and something they can loosen up among their e ntire family to take care of them. It is additionally the most ideal approach to give day by day calories at a moderate expense. The individuals who are battling monetarily are plainly the most hindered with regards to smart dieting propensities. In our markets today we have such a large number of counterfeit sugars, additives, fats and desserts that make certain to taste great, yet not useful for our wellbeing. Fats and desserts will in general cost way less, where as sound nourishments cost more. It looks bad to have unfortunate nourishments cost not exactly solid food sources, however it is the assembling and creation that determi

Collegiate Olympians

Collegiate Olympians February 8 Only Westminster College has sent more athletes to Sochi than Dartmouth College (photo from Dartmouth Athletics). From which universities do the most Olympians hail from, you ask? Well, the answer may surprise you. The answer is Westminster College in Salt Lake City, Utah (the home of the 2002 Olympics spearhead by Mitt Romney). Westminster sent off twenty-three (twenty-three!) athletes to this years Winter Games. Incredible, right? Theyve only got 3,100 students in all so were not talking about a major research university here with a football team competing for a BCS title! But enough about Westminster because Westminster has never popped up on our college admissions blog before. However, the university that is sending the second most Olympians to the Olympic Games in Sochi pops up quite a bit as its an Ivy League school. Dartmouth College has sent twelve athletes to these Olympic Games in Sochi. including nine representing the United States of America and three flying the flag of other countries. This latter group includes our friend Gillian Apps as she represents Canada in ice hockey. This will be Gillians third Olympic games. We got a chance to touch her gold medal from 2006. She won another in 2010. We expect that she will win a third this time around, possibly her swan song for the Olympic Games. Did you think it would be Dartmouth that sent more athletes to the Olympic Games than any school other than Westminster? Did you think Harvard would have more? Have you ever seen the Dartmouth womens ice hockey team? Or checked out their amazing ski teams? The school literally has its own ski slope. They attract the best skiers and some of these folks go on to compete at the highest level in sport at the Olympics. While youre here, check out this post on the Ivy League and the Olympics.

Functions Of Management Essay - 939 Words

The four functions of management Executing the goals of an organization is the main responsibility of a manager, and their tasks can be broken down into four basic functions; planning, organizing, leading and controlling. While all managers at every level of a company perform these tasks, the amount of time spent on each is dependant upon the level of management and the specifics of the organization. Top level managers, such as company presidents, vice presidents, chief executive officers, and chief operating officers are responsible for the overall management of an organization. It is also necessary for them to â€Å"†¦focus on long-term issues and emphasize the survival, growth, and overall effectiveness of the organization† (Bateman †¦show more content†¦If there was a new item being rolled out, the vice president would set a plan for each of the stores to set into action. This could include gathering data on trends or product development to determine whether a new item would do well in a specific city. The corporate office would make decisions regarding marketing and advertising, while my general manager would work on the in store specifics and logistics of how to roll out the item, and ensure its success, within the confines of our store. As a frontline manager, my responsibility would be to work with the staff to ensure a smooth transition. Organizing This next function works hand in hand with planning. Once there is a plan in place, resources, materials, and employees all need to be organized to ensure internal structure. This concept is vital to the success of a goal. â€Å"Organizing activities include attracting people to the organization, specifying job responsibilities, grouping jobs into work units, marshaling and allocating resources, and creating conditions so that people and things work together to achieve maximum success.† (Bateman Snell) In my company upper management establishes and maintains the policies and procedures that make our restaurant a positive place to work. It is their responsibility to attract and hire competent managers that will effectively run the stores. It is the general managers’ duty to ensure that the staffing levels are appropriate, and the properShow MoreRelatedManagement Functions And Functions Of Management1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"Managementà ¢â‚¬  refers to the performance of some functions such as planning, organizing, controlling and directing by an individual or a group of individuals in order to achieve a common goal. Management is required when we work in group. Management functions cannot be performed in isolation . Management has been defined by a number of authors. Some of which are as follows: â€Å"Management is the art of getting things done through others† ---- Mary Parker Follett â€Å"Management is the coordinationRead MoreManagement Functions And Functions Of Management1304 Words   |  6 Pages Essay Management is viewed as a critical part in any business or corporate commercial enterprises. Group assignments provide a useful platform for understanding the management functions that consist of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (POLC). I totally do agree with this statement. Management of groups is actually the key to all of these P-O-L-C functions. Any management can accomplish and succeed objectives through the organizing execution of these four functions (123helpme.comRead MoreManagement Functions And Functions Of Management Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesAssessing Management Functions List the four functions of management and provide an overview of their purpose for the organization. The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The planning function establishes a way to attain the desired objectives, resolve issues and facilitate action. The purpose of the planning function is to align the vision, culture, employees and the organizational structure with the strategies, and this involves multiple levels acrossRead MoreManagement Functions And Functions Of Management860 Words   |  4 Pages Essay Management is viewed as a critical part in any business or corporate commercial enterprises. Group assignments provide a useful platform for understanding the management functions that consist of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (POLC). I totally do agree with this statement. Management of groups is actually the key to all of these P-O-L-C functions. Any management can accomplish and succeed objectives through the organizing execution of these four functions (123helpme.comRead MoreFunctions And Functions Of Management1113 Words   |  5 Pagesprimary functions involving management, which are considered the very life line and it’s existent. These four functions are instrumental and detrimental to the success and longevity of any company. Without these vital staples, a company is doomed before it is birth, and they are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. However, there is another essential component to the functions of management, and it is the importan t of diversity. 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Management comprises of planning, organising, staffing, leading, directing, and controlling an organisation (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishingRead MoreManagement And Functions Of Management1063 Words   |  5 PagesManagement in business and associations is the capacity that facilitates the endeavors of individuals to achieve objectives and targets utilizing accessible assets proficiently and adequately. Management includes planning, arranging, staffing, heading or steering, and controlling an association to achieve the objective. Resourcing includes the arrangement and control of human assets, budgetary assets, innovative assets, and regular assets. Administration is additionally a scholarl y teach, a social

Ronald Regan - 1033 Words

Ronald Reagan, My American Hero October 5, 2014 English 101 Ronald Reagan was more than just our nation’s 40th President, he was a remarkable leader. Winning the Governor election by more than 1 million votes, and President of the United States for two terms, America was needing a fearless figure in front of economic, domestic and international threats this nation was experiencing. He brought lower tax rates, negotiated the nuclear arms treaty with the Soviet Union, and influenced the tear down of the Berlin wall and the ending the Cold War without firing a shot. Reagan left Office in 1989 and said, â€Å"We meant to change the nation, but instead we changed the world† (cardigan, 1995). Spending his last years with†¦show more content†¦(The White House, n.d). During his first term Reagan temporarily stopped government hiring to slow the growth of the state workforce, but he also approved tax increases to balance the state budget. (The White House, n.d). In 1970, Reagan was elected for a second term. (The White House, n .d). Governor Reagan worked with Democratic majority in the state legislature to endorse a major reform to the welfare system in 1971(The White House, n.d). The reform reduced the number of people receiving state aid while increasing the benefits for those who remained eligible. During his tenure as governor, Reagan chaired the Republican Governors Association from 1968 to 1969. (The White House, n.d). ). In 1974, Ronald Reagan left office as Governor of California to peruse his Republican interests The White House (N.D)Bottom of Form Boosted by his success in California, Reagan made an abortive run for the presidency in 1968, a candidacy that divided his followers and national conservatives. (Miller center, 2014). Some of them wanted Reagan to seek the presidency; others believed he should prove himself longer as governor before running for higher office (Miller center, 2014). Ronald Reagan won the Republican Presidential nomination in 1980 and chose as his running mate former Texas Congressman and United Nations Ambassador George Bush, (Miller center, 2014). Voters troubled by inflation and by the year-long confinement of Americans in IranShow MoreRelatedRonald Regan Paper1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Reagan, Ronald Wilson (1911- ),the 40th president of the United States (1981-1989), enforced the policies that reversed a general direction of movement toward greater government involvement in economic and social regulation. Reagan as the younger of two sons, was born in Tampico, Illinois and spent m ost of his childhood in Dixon, Illinois. After studying at Eureka College,a small Disciples of Christ college near Peoria, Illinois, he majored in economics, and became the president of theRead MoreA Time For Choosing By Ronald Regan1447 Words   |  6 Pages In Ronald Regan’s speech, â€Å"A Time for Choosing† he starts by saying that for most of his life he was a Democrat and that â€Å"I have recently seen fit to follow another course. He then goes on to talk about the economy saying that the tax burden is one that no nation in history has ever survived. He then goes on to illustrate with facts saying that â€Å"Every 37 cents out of every dollar earned in this country is the tax collectors share, and yet our government continues to spend 17 million dollars a dayRead MoreRonald Regan: A Brief Biography731 Words   |  3 PagesRonald Reagan once said â€Å"What I’d really like to do is go down in history as Michelle President who made Americans believe in Michellemselves again.† (World Book Encyclopedia, 185) Reagan first rose to prominence in Michelle United States as a popular film actor. He Michellen turned to politics and became governor of Michelle state of California. That led eight years as Michelle president of Michelle United States. Through it all, Reagan emerged as one of Michelle most popular and influential AmericansRead MoreRonald Regan s Impact On Economic Prosperity844 Words   |  4 Pages It was started in 1981 when Ronald Regan started the 30-year war which was supposed to restore economic prosperity. The administrations aided were, Regan, Bush, and Clinton administrations. The presidents were Ronald Regan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. The parties aided were the parties of the presidents mentioned above. Glass Steagall Act limits activities, affiliations, and securities within commercial banks. It was passed after the great depression. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was passed in 1999Read MoreWhat Makes a Hospital a Top 100 Hospital Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Makes a Top 100 Hospital Ronald Regan UCLA Medical Center – What Makes a Top 100 Hospital Castellanos, Juan Manuel DeVry University What Makes a Top 100 Hospital? Since 1993, the Truven Health 100 Top Hospitals program has used both independent and objective research to guide hospital and health system performance. In this process, they analyze public data sources to compare hospitals to similar organizations. The 100 Top Hospitals program uses a balanced scorecard that incorporatesRead MoreThe Difficult Foreign Policy Issues Faced by Late Twentieth Century Presidents732 Words   |  3 PagesPresident Jimmy Carter, elected in 1977, to President Ronald Regan elected in 1981. Carter attempted at peacemaking efforts to help bring stability to the Middle East, but faced the challenge of the Iran Hostage Crisis in 1979. He shaped his foreign policy through integrity, morality, and honest, to bring trust in the government to the American citizens as the previous president, Richard Nixon made the people lost their trust in the government. Ronald Regan supported a conservative foreign policy and greatlyRead MorePresidentail Power: The State of the Union Speech Essays1084 Words   |  5 PagesPresidents, like Ronald Regan were liked by a good number of people which helps them get more power because they had the support of the public. There is never a guarantee that one hundred percent of the people will like them, but a lot of people did like Regan during his presidency. With his â€Å"Regan Revolution,† he was able to restore national confidence and created peaceful prosperity for the longest known recorded time period (Ronald Regan). This period of contentment made Ronald Regan powerful in theRead MoreEssay on The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy1287 Words   |  6 PagesDiplomacy The Reagan Doctrine was the foreign policy in the United States, enacted by President Ronald Reagan. The doctrine was design to eradicate the communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were authorized and corroborated by the Soviet Union. This assignment will review by what method the United States delivered open and private backing to guerrilla and resistance movements during the Regan years. Additionally, explain the political doctrine detailed events that occurred in AfghanistanRead MoreEvents Causes And Consequences Of President Ronald Reagan992 Words   |  4 Pages patriotic leader who had a plan to fix the economic problems carrying over from the 1970s. Jimmy Carter was running for reelection, and Americans overall were very unhappy with his leadership. Ronald Reagan emerged as his challenger, a former actor with great public skills and a plan. They elected Ronald Reagan in 1980 who had a controversial plan for fixing the U.S. economy, later dubbed â€Å"R eaganomics.† 1980 Regan’s Plan The economy focused on cutting taxes, reducing the size of government, andRead MorePresident Reagan s Presidential Speech941 Words   |  4 Pageshypothesis, yet Graph 1 shows the overall approval ratings of Ronald Reagan did not simply increase throughout his presidency, but rather shifted over time. In analyzing the data, it is crucial not to overlook the limitations of the data. The data collected is confined to fifteen of President Reagan’s numerous speeches, and over a span of only six years (1981-1987). This sample excludes a large number of speeches given by President Regan, but I do believe the data offers a representative measure

Leadership Development Management

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Development Management. Answer: Introduction Least preferred co-worker (LPC) can be of two types that is low LPC and high LPC. The low LPC indicates a task oriented leaders and the high LPC indicates a relationship oriented leaders (Dessler, 2013). Thus this concept helps in effective leadership based on the situation. Analysis of LPC In this provided case study, there are 16 questions and each have a set of numbers from 1 8 and based on the preference one have to answer. As a personal banker and a leader of my team of bankers, I answered all the questions by highlighting the preferred option by keeping in mind an individual with whom I had the most difficulty in getting a job done. I marked 4 for unpleasant, 4 for friendly, 3 for rejecting, 5 for helpful, 5 for unenthusiastic, 6 for relaxed, 3 for close, 1 for cold, 6 for uncooperative, 3 for hostile, 1 for boring. For the rest of the answers, I answered 5 for quarrelsome, 4 for hesitant, 7 for efficient, 2 for gloomy and 2 for guarded. By adding these results, it gives a total of 61. This total indicates that I am a leader who belongs to the intermediate range of both relationship oriented and task oriented leader. Conclusion Therefore, it can be said that this LPC analysis helps me to understand myself as a leader. This will help me to measure the effectiveness of the performance of my team of bankers in order to succeed. This analysis will also help in understanding prescriptive, expertise and research, identification of perfect leader for a job and also in maintaining flexibility (Burns, 2012). References Burns, J. (2012).Leadership. New York, NY: Open Road Integrated Media. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall.

Korean Shamanism vs Chinese Customary

Introduction The most outstanding aspect about both Chinese customary religion and Korean Shamanism is their eclecticism; both faiths have absorbed several elements from other religions and have also contributed in the same manner to these faiths. However, while Shamanism is regarded as more of a form of medicine than religion, Chinese customary religion is deeply superstitious.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Korean Shamanism vs Chinese Customary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Korean Shamanism Korean Shamanism is a religious faith practiced in Korea. It is highly polytheistic and adherents also believe in the existence of spirits. The religion reflects the connection of the Korean people with their traditional customs and rites. In this faith, believers assert that spirits can be found everywhere; some of them emanate from their ancestors while others come from nature. These spirits are supposed to help man du ring his weak moments, restore justice by punishing wrong doers and guide man in his endeavors.1 Historically, Shamanism started as far back as 1000BC. At the time, society already had an organized government, and relied heavily on agriculture as the backbone of its economy. A number of religious festivals started springing up during agricultural harvests so as to facilitate thanksgiving among the people. Attendants in the festivals were called mudang, which came to be a central part of Korean Shamanism in the future. The kut is the name of a similar ceremony that takes place today. Later on, other religions started emerging, and most of them penetrated into the three dynasties that characterize Korean history. Shamanists struggled to assimilate these elements into their faith owing to influences from Buddhism and Confucianism. In subsequent times, the religion continued to diminish. At first, in the Koryo era, Buddhism appeared to be the most influential religion of all. Rituals su ch as Yun Deung Hoi (an annual festival) were quite common. However, although the festival was labeled as a Buddhist one, its internal structure borrowed heavily from traditional Shamanism.2 In the Cho-Sun period, the kut was reduced to a lower class.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even Buddhism was not spared as rulers wanted to establish Confucianism as the only legitimate religion in the land. This joint persecution of Buddhism and Shamanism led to greater exchange of elements between these two faiths. At the time, Shamanism was perceived as primitive and out of touch. In the subsequent era, which was Japanese colonization, many Japanese attacked the kut because they knew that it gave Koreans a strong ancestral bond. In the new world, the practice continued to dwindle even more as it became incompatible with modernization. Western thought is more predominant and influenti al thus leading to further marginalization of the practice today. While many adherents may not consider themselves as followers of this faith; they think of it as a remedy or form of medicine that man can use in order to meet his own objectives. In this school of thought, believers are not expected to strive for spiritual perfection or some sort of moral goal. A Shaman is the person who must be consulted when people require intervention in their lives. Nonetheless, this religious practice has been responsible for greater nationalism in Korea. It has encouraged most people to value the cultural aspects of song and dance that revolve around the kut. Some sort of revival has started occurring in various cities and currently, the cultural practices in this faith have solicited renewed attention. Chinese customary religion Chinese customary religion is regarded as a faith that is based on superstition more than a particular doctrine. Folk religion is regarded as a vital part of contempor ary China owing to the influences that it placed on subsequent religions as well as on the Chinese peoples’ lives. The religion emanated from people’s desire to meet the needs of their ancestors. The living believed that there was a lot of power in nature hence their need to exalt it.3 In fact, nature worship is a key element in Chinese customary religion today. A further analysis of this religious practice illustrates a blend of occult practice with superstition and governmental influence. Between 202 BC and 220 AD, the Han dynasty played a large role in changing religious practices in China. The government was responsible for the creation and maintenance of shrines. It prescribed the rituals that its citizen needed to perform in shrines.4 Some of them included practices in honor of the mountain spirits, rain, soil and other kinds of nature gods. However, locals created their own agents who would make contact with the spirits, and thus perpetuated an occult practice.5 Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Korean Shamanism vs Chinese Customary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The religion is a collection of myths, rituals, festivals and other forms of worship. Since the adherents believe in nature gods and existence of spirits everywhere, then the practice of communicating with these spirits is not uncommon.6 Furthermore, the followers listen to a series of myths that talk about certain figures in their history. Additionally, some levels of animism are practiced today where the followers will communicate with animals. The version of the religion that is known to many is Shenism. Shenist temples are widespread and are managed by a series of associations or local leaders.7 How Chinese customary religion compares to Korean Shamanism The most obvious similarity between these two forms of religion is their eclectic nature. Just like the Koreans, the Chinese have been subjected to severa l influences from subsequent leaders. The adherents may worship inconsistent gods owing to their integration with other religions.8 Since governments in both China and Korea were heavily involved in the religious practices of their people, then it is no wonder that sometimes the religions would dwindle and resurface as weaker versions of the same. Various dynasties in both countries prescribed the areas of worship for their adherents. Consequently, the local religions were subjected to continuous marginalization. In fact, it was this government interference that led to the declining popularity of Korean Shamanism and Chinese customary religion. Only traces of the original forms can be found in current practices because practices have been watered down or oppressed by those in power. In line with the above school of thought is the polytheistic nature of both types of religion. There are numerous spirits and gods in Chinese customary religion as well in Korean Shamanism. In the Chines e school, one can find a creator god called Pangu, an agricultural god called Shennong and an Emperor god called Huangdi, who many regard as the founder of China. Other gods are responsible for long life, health, happiness, wealth distribution, success at work, scholarship and academic work, city living, and love. Likewise in Korean Shamanism, worshippers have a myriad of gods that range from mountain gods, tree gods and other administrative gods who are found in heaven and rule over various elements of their lives.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, one can assert that the Korean Shamanists and the Chinese folk adherents wanted to meet various facets of their spiritual needs by having gods and goddesses from almost each aspect of their lives.9 However, in modern times, a Shaman has the right to select just a few of these gods in order to practice his faith. Ancestral worship is also another common phenomenon in both religions. In ancient China, ancestral worship emanated from the funeral practices of the traditional religions. Family heads would be buried with their earthly belongings as well their wives. In the modern era, people would be buried with cars, money and other possessions. Today, one is likely to witness ancestral worship in the forms of names on scrolls. Followers will place these lists in one particular hall in their house. Some of them may consider sharing meals with the dead ten years after the burial. It is believed that the ancestors can provide solutions to their problems. However, if one negle cts these duties, then one may land oneself in trouble. For instance, if there are no relatives to take care of the dead, then they may be sent from Hell to forage for food. This is the reason why the community has festivals where they offer money and food to get rid of the ghosts in their land. Likewise, the Korean Shamanists have their own form of ancestral worship. They will carry out rites such as Ssitgim-gut in order to cleanse a dead man’s spirit.10 They will also have rites such as Hwanghaeodo in order to create salvation against angry ghosts or spirits.11 In another Shamanist rite, the villagers may worship tutelary grandparents. A number of them revolve around guiding the dead into paradise or the land of the dead, hence the reason why many of them are held at regular intervals such as during the anniversary of one’s death.12 One major feature that makes the Chinese customary religion distinct is its followers’ willingness to accept the inevitable. An o utsider may think of Korean Shamanism as chaotic and highly disjointed. The same impression may be held with regard to Chinese customary religion. However, the Chinese folk religion differs from Shamanism because its adherents believe in the power of a High God. The Chinese are firmly rooted in Taoist belief systems which advocate for peace with the universe. Therefore, adherents of the Chinese customary religion believe that a Supreme Being ultimately controls the universe. It is his will which must be trusted and not any other. 13 The one High God balances life inequalities and ensures that everything goes according to plan. Men must accept the involvement of this being in their lives hence explaining why most followers appear to bow inevitably to earthly occurrences such as totalitarianism and dictatorship. In Korean Shamanism, no such belief in an ultimate God exists, so other reasons must be sought in order to understand why followers were affected by external forces.14 Another feature that differentiates Shamanism from Chinese customary religion is the concept of Shamans. Most shamans are female intercessors whose work is to assist humans in achieving fulfilled lives. Most of them provide services to cure illnesses or eliminate any evil spirits. The process by which a person becomes a Shaman is quite dramatic and unique. The person may get some sort of â€Å"illness of the spirit† that results in hallucinations, loss of sleep and no need for food. This illness can be cured when the person receives a god spirit and becomes a Shaman.15 Although some levels of fortune-telling exist in traditional Chinese religion, the concept does not form a crucial backbone of their faith. Conclusion The two religions studied are highly amorphous, which is a quality derived from the lack of unified teachings. Followers do not have to strive for moral or physical perfection as it is assumed that they can change their paths autonomously. Bibliography Ching, Julia. Chi nese religions. Chicago: Orbis books, 1993. Covell, Alan. Folk art and magic: Shamanism in Korea. Seoul: Hollym Corp., 1986. Eliade, Mircea. Shamanism: Archaic techniques. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University press, 2004. Gates, Hill. Hegemony of Chinese folk ideologies. NY: Sage, 1987. Heinz, Carolyn Brown. Asian Cultural Traditions. Minneapolis: Waveland Press, 1999. Hyun-Key Kim, Hogarth. â€Å"Kut: Happiness through reciprocity.† International Society for Shamanistic Research 7, no. 13 (1998): 413-438. Latourette, Kenneth. The Chinese: their history and culture. NY: Mcmillan Company, 1964 Lee, Jung Young. Korean Shamanistic rituals. The Hague: Mouton, 1981. Kendall, Laurel. Shamans, housewives and other restless spirits: women in Korean ritual life. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985. Keoghtley, David. Heritage of China: Early civilizations in China. California: University of California Press, 1990. Kim, Chongho. Korean Shamanism: The cultural paradox. Engl and: Ashgate, 2003. Kim, Tae-Kon. Korean Shamanism. Seoul: Jimoondang publishing company, 2005. Manchao, Cheng. The origin of Chinese deities. Beijing: Foreign Language press, 1995. Munro, Donald. The concept of man in early China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969 Wm, Barry. Theodore de, with Wing tsit Chan and Burton Watson, Sources of Chinese tradition. Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1960. Footnotes 1 Chongho Kim, Korean Shamanism: The cultural paradox (England: Ashgate, 2003), 66. 2 Alan Covell. Folk art and magic: Shamanism in Korea. (Seoul: Hollym Corp., 1986), 404 3 Hill Gates. Hegemony of Chinese folk ideologies (NY: Sage, 1987), 97. 4 Julia Ching, Chinese religions (Chicago: Orbis books, 1993), 34. 5 Kenneth Latourette, The Chinese: their history and culture (NY: Mcmillan Company, 1964), 104. 6 Munro, Donald. The concept of man in early China (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969), 63. 7 David Keoghtley, Heritage of China: Early civilizations in C hina (California: University of California Press, 1990), 80. 8 Cheng Manchao, The origin of Chinese deities (Beijing: Foreign Language press, 1995), 25. 9 Hogarth Hyun-Key Kim, â€Å"Kut: Happiness through reciprocity,† International Society for Shamanistic Research 7, no. 13 (1998): 413-438. 10 Jung Young Lee, Korean Shamanistic rituals (The Hague: Mouton, 1981), 52. 11 Laurel Kendall, Shamans, housewives and other restless spirits: women in Korean ritual life. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), 147 12 Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic techniques (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University press, 2004), 121. 13Barry Wm, Theodore de, with Wing tsit Chan and Burton Watson, Sources of Chinese tradition (Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1960), 48. 14 Carolyn Brown Heinz, Asian Cultural Traditions (Minneapolis: Waveland Press, 1999), 58. 15 Tae-Kon Kim, Korean Shamanism (Seoul: Jimoondang publishing company, 2005), 222 This essay on Korean Shamanism vs Chinese Customary was written and submitted by user Alexa U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Compound Definition in Chemistry

Compound Definition in Chemistry The word compound has several definitions. In the field of chemistry, compound refers to a chemical compound. Compound Definition A compound is a chemical species that is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically, with covalent or ionic bonds. Compounds may be categorized according to the type of chemical bonds holding the atoms together: Molecules are held together by covalent bonds.Ionic compounds are held together by ionic bonds.Intermetallic compounds are held together by metallic bonds.Complexes are often held together by coordinate covalent bonds. Note that some compounds contain a mixture of ionic and covalent bonds. Also note, a few scientists do not consider pure elemental metals to be compounds (metallic bonds). Examples of Compounds Examples of compounds include table salt or sodium chloride (NaCl, an ionic compound), sucrose (a molecule), nitrogen gas (N2, a covalent molecule), a sample of copper (intermetallic), and water (H2O, a covalent molecule). Examples of chemical species not considered compounds include the hydrogen ion H and the noble gas elements (e.g., argon, neon, helium), which do not readily form chemical bonds. Writing  Compound Formulas By convention, when atoms form a compound, its formula lists the atom(s) acting as a cation first, followed by the atom(s) acting as the anion. This means sometimes an atom may be first or last in a formula. For example, in carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon (C) acts as a cation. In silicon carbide (SiC), carbon acts as the anion. Compound Versus Molecule Sometimes a compound is called a  molecule. Usually, the two terms are synonymous. Some scientists make a distinction between the types of bonds in molecules (covalent) and compounds (ionic).

An essay on ecotourism

An essay on ecotourism Ecotourism Essay Ecotourism involves responsible traveling to fragile, pristine and mostly protected areas. This takes place for different purposes, from educating the traveler, fostering respect for different cultures to directly benefiting the economic and political empowerment of local communities (Garana, 2008). Ideally, ecotourism incorporates the following criteria; promote biological and cultural diversity, touring unspoiled natural habitats, and the main attractions being local culture, flora and fauna. In short, ecotourism operations are defined by their commitment to the environment, education, nature and culture. The main objectives of ecotourism are providing nature-based, environmental education experiences for visitors and managing this in a sustainable manner (Badan the sustainable use of ecological resources, increased environmental and cultural awareness, conservation ethos, support of local economies through increased revenue from visitors and the use of   local supplies and services.

Factors of production and circular flow of income Coursework - 1

Factors of production and circular flow of income - Coursework Example This assumption is made in order to facilitate deductions from theories, holding all except one variable constant. For example the demand curve is drawn holding all factors affecting demand, except price, constant. (Wessels, 2006) Economics is built upon three concepts of scarcity, choice and opportunity cost. Scarcity refers to unlimited wants and limited resources that involve making a choice as resources need to be allocated in alternative uses. All economic agents face the basic economic problem and the choices they make involves a tradeoff. (Wessels, 2006) Economics can be divided into two parts that is Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. Microeconomics deals with individual units such as households, firms, markets etc. for example individual demand for bicycle in the economy, or market demand for cars. On the other side Macroeconomics deals with aggregates and the economy as a whole, i.e. what determines the price of all goods. For example aggregate demand for all goods and serv ices in the economy. (Wessels, 2006) Analyses in economics are based on positive and normative statements. Positive statements refer that can be checked against evidence for example an increase in interest rates encourage savings. While normative statements refer to what should be , for example firms should be encouraged to invest. (Wessels, 2006) Factors of Production Land refers to natural resources that are created by nature and not those earning assets created by man. Labour refers to the physical and mental ability of a human provided to a firm. It includes the part of human population that is willing to provide to economics production. Capital that is also called as ‘reproducible capital’ that is the sum of earning asset created by man, while the last Entrepreneur is the risk taker and organizes other three factors of production. (Mokyr, 1985) There are certain characteristics of different factors of production but two common characteristics in all includes that a ll factors of production are limited in amount and they have alternative uses as well. At any point in time one can increase the amount of land, capital and labour it has but it important to note is that it is finite and cannot increase beyond its fixed a capacity. More over these factors of production can be used to produce many different goods and services and hence are substitutable and interchangeable at many levels. This helps one to decide what, how and for whom to produce. (Goldberg, 2000) Characteristics of labour are important in determining wages and volume of production. Firstly labour is a human factor and the active factor. It has its own will to do anything, likes dislikes and so needs to work along with other factors in production. Also labour is different in efficiency, skills, also is mobile and perishable. Each labour has different efficiency and can be moved between jobs. Quality of labour can be improved by improving its productivity by training, educating workfo rce and by providing them better medical facilities. (Marshall, 2007) Land is the primary and passive factor of production as it is the basis from which production starts and it cannot do anything itself as it has be operated by labour. It could be used in multiple ways such as for agriculture; setting up factory but it

Vp 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vp 2 - Essay Example The Tea Ceremony is a ritualized Japanese cultural contribution that involves taking tea in a specific space with prearranged procedures. Supposed to have started in the 16th century, the tea ceremony was a wealthy affair sought to unite rulers, warriors, and merchants. It was a social function for the rich that provided them a forum to discuss weighty issues (Cooper and McLean 1). They used natural forms of utensils, especially from China and Korea, countries revered for their culture. To an extent, the value of these objects and utensils was synonymous to that of treasures. The Japanese have a liking for such imperfect objects (natural form), which is a characteristic of their culture. Most of them were unglazed objects made in kilns that may seem to have no value at first sight. Their value has remained over the years to present where the utensils/objects re still seen as valuable. The preparation and drinking powdered green tea (matcha) is a delicate procedure that involves years of training. It involves detailed choreography that a layperson cannot easily master. The interaction in a tearoom not only involves the host and the guests, but also the utensils (Cooper and McLean 5). The guests witness the tea preparation and each step must be done specifically. Surprisingly, there is no repetition of the process in any other subsequent ceremony; the choreography only applies to a singular tea gathering. In addition, there is tea etiquette pertaining to the drinking of the tea, and the usage of the utensils. The utensils have both a practical value and an aesthetic value that the Japanese tradition appreciates. During a ceremony, there are several objects and utensils, but only a few serve in the occasion. The Tea Ceremony resulted in the creation of several other forms of objects that are enshrined in Japanese traditions. The relevance and significance of the ceremony lie in the need for purification and the connection with nature. Although

Glossary And Definitions :: essays research papers

Glossary and Definitions Distribution: Drug distribution is the process by which a drug reversibly leaves the blood stream and enters the interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/or the cells of the tissues. The delivery of a drug from the plasma to the interstitium primarily depends on blood flow, capillary permeability, the degree of binding of the drug to plasma and tissue proteins, and the relative hydrophobicity of the drug. Excipient: Vehicle. A more or less inert substance added in a prescription as a diluent or vehicle or to give form or consistency when the remedy is given in pill form; simple syrup, aromatic powder, honey, and various elixirs are examples. Gel: A colloidal state in which the molecules of the dispersed phase form a three- dimensional structure in the continuous phase to produce a semisolid material such as a jelly. For example, a warm, dilute(2 percent) solution of gelatin(a protein mixture) forms, on cooling, a stiff gel in which the molecules of the continuous phase are trapped in the holes of a "brush-heap" like structure of the gelatin. Administered orally. Microemulsion: Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, optically transparent, isotropic mixtures of a biphasic oil-water system stabilized with surfactants. The diameter of droplets in a microemulsion may be in the range of 100 A to 1000 A. Microemulsion may be formed spontaneously by agitating the oil and water phases with carefully selected surfactants. The type of emulsion produced depends upon the properties of the oil and surfactants utilized. Ointment: Semisolid preparations intended for topical application. Most ointments are applied to the skin, although they may also be administered ophtalmically, nasally, aurally, rectally, or vaginally. With a few exceptions, ointments are applied for their local effect on the tissue membrane rather than for systematic effects. Professional skills: Body of systematic scientific knowledge, manual dexterity and deftness, proficiency, resulting from training, practice and experience particular of an individual who has completed the formal education and examination required for membership in a profession. Water: A clear, colorless, odorless and tasteless liquid, H2O that is essential for

Development of Criminal Mind: Nature Vs. Nurture

A number of studies conducted in many countries over the years have come to similar broad conclusion which clearly indicates that genes play a significant role in determining criminal behavior. There are of course no specific genes associated with criminal tendencies nor any specific set of genes that can directly code for criminal behavior is assumed to exist. Rather, a wide variety of genes acting in a deadly concert bring about various degrees and types of genetic predisposition to criminal behavior.The term predispostion indicates a potential tendency that needs suitable environmental factors to trigger it. Criminal behavior is caused both by environmental and genetic influences, and most often it happens through a complex interaction between them. Crime is neither genetically nor environmentally determined, but there are often strong heritable influences in criminal behavior as well as noticeable environmental causes. For example, adoption studies investigating the nature vs. nu rture issue in criminal behavior have found a surprising degree of genetic influences in criminal behavior.Less surprisingly, but as certainly, they have been able to identify the role of numerous adverse psychological and social factors in actualizing criminal behavior. The relative importance of heredity and environment in determining human behavior has long been a seriously debated issue. In the early decades of the twentieth century, for example, William James believed that our behavior is largely shaped by the power of instincts and inherited tendencies present at birth.Quite in contrast to James, John Watson, the founder of Behaviorism, believed in the power of conditioning, and the infinitely plastic human capacity to be molded by the forces of environment (Butterfield 2004). Although animal behavior can be easily conditioned too, it is heavily determined by the animal’s genetic programming. In the case of humans, the situation becomes complicated because of the presen ce of a superior intelligence. Humans are enormously impressed and influenced by their environment.They also can readily learn from their environment and adapt their behavior accordingly. Yet by no means can the hereditary factors be easily dismissed. It can be easily observed in day to day life that children with different genotypes react differently to the same environments and seek out different experiences. A child who is active and aggressive by innate temperament would obviously react in a different way, for example, to the parental commands such as â€Å"Do this† and â€Å"Stop doing that† than his sibling who may be more passive or docile.All of us have a general notion of right and wrong. But the criminal orientation of mind which tends to flout many of these accepted notions of right and wrong usually begins to form at a very early age in life. Heritability is an important determinant in a wide variety of personality factors. Criminality, along with a wide va riety of specific characteristic traits associated with it such as aggressiveness, impulsivity or novelty-seeking, is no exception (Ebstein & Belmaker 2002).A few decades ago it was believed that that genetics played no part in formation of antisocial and criminal behavior. However, a great deal of research work since then attesting to the fact that genetic factors are as important to the development of at least some forms of criminal activity as are environmental factors (Ishikawa & Raine 2002). Behavior-genetic research in the recent decades has attributed 25% to 75% of variances in many reliably measurable psychological traits to genetic differences (Lykken 1998).The notion of inherent badness or â€Å"the bad seed,† which apparently goes against many deeply held democratic notions in our society such as the principle of â€Å"All men are born equal,† would seem to be very difficult to swallow for the more liberal minded among us. Many of us generally tend to place the blame on poverty, parental abuse, poor child-rearing, or some childhood trauma etc, or at least used to do so before the current fad of placing everything on genes developed.The truth, however, is that although â€Å"the bad seed† is a very real factor to reckon with, it can usually grow only in a bad soil, perhaps additionally requiring deprivation of sunshine and rain (Zuckerman 2002). To date, there is already considerable evidence from twin and adoption studies of a moderate effect of genetics in chronic criminality. Two reviews have surveyed the available literature and found that with one exception all the 15 major studies indicate evidence for a significant element of genetic predisposition.It is remarkable that researchers in different countries and cultures have discovered compatible evidence (Eysenck 1998). Twin studies of juvenile delinquents show no significant disparity between identical and fraternal twins, thereby indicating a greater impact of environment over and above the effects of genetics. However studies in adult criminality show concordances for fraternals and identicals in the ratio of 1 is to 2, indicating a significant genetic predisposition.In adoption studies, evidence from one particular large study of criminal behavior in adopted children in Denmark has shown that there is a noticeable tendency for these children to pursue a path of antisocial behavior, unconsciously following the path of their biological parents (Steen 1996). A study examined the conviction record of over 14,000 adopted sons to that of their biological and adoptive parents. The results of this study demonstrated that the criminal record of adopted parents (environmental factors) has a minimal effect on adopted children.In sharp contrast to this, if biological parents were convicted and not the adoptive parents, 20% of the adopted sons were also convicted. Such studies clearly show that the influence of absent genetic parents is significantly higher tha n the influence of environmental parents who may be very much present. Interestingly though, the inherited tendencies have been seen to come into play in this study only in regard to property crime and not in violent crime.It has also been noticed that the adoptee was more likely to commit a crime if the biological mother had a criminal record. Here the theory is that since women are less prone to crime than men, if a woman has committed a crime she must have had a stronger genetic compulsion to do so, which her biological son was more likely to inherit despite him being brought up far away from her. In another study of similar nature, psychologists studied the records of 862 adopted men who were born out of wedlock in Stockholm between 1930 and 1949.After extensive, meticulous and painstaking investigations into a slew of wide variety of records and data sources, information was compiled on the patterns of criminality, alcohol abuse, and medical problems, among other things, in the individuals as well as both in their biological and adoptive parents. The majority of the adoptees came from a genetic background that did not involve crime, were adopted into families with no taint of crime, and expectedly themselves displayed no criminal tendencies.But various comparisons and analyses associated with the remaining data has shown that both genes and the environment had an effect in determining criminal behavior of the adoptees. However, on the whole, genes seemed to play a far more powerful role than environmental factors. Considering those children that were placed in regular non-criminal homes, a child from a genetically criminal background was four times more likely than a child from normal background to turn out as a criminal.Nonetheless, it must be noted here that criminal behavior of the adoptees could rarely be directly associated with the supposed criminal genes, and most often there was a crucial interaction between genes and environmental factors, which seems to be very much necessary in instigating criminal behavior. Therefore while crime is a sociological concept and a number of determinants of criminal behavior are socioeconomic factors, there is a clear genetic component to crime which manifests in such personality traits as cognitive skills, impulsivity, sensation seeking, aggressivenss and hyperactivity (Millon, Simonsen, & Birket-Smith 1998).Conclusion Today, it is generally believed that forces of both heredity and environment have a huge role to play in shaping up the character and psychological profile of any individual, though it cannot be easily ascertained to which degree one can override the other when both of them are in some kind of conflict. Adding to this complexity is the concept of free will in man.True human dignity can arise if only there is free will, which can allow us to intelligently choose the best from both our heredity and environment, and voluntarily reject, or at least try to reject, those aspects whi ch may not be conducive to the optimal expression of our potential. However, since the levels of intelligence are variable in humans, there may be no simply universal answer which can enlighten us on the general motive forces behind human behavior.Free will, nature and nurture may all be playing out in different ways in different individuals, depending on the caliber of their individual intelligence, and the force of their unique circumstances and hereditary influences. Even in case of criminals, there may be no valid sweeping generalities, in terms of free will, nature or nurture. Yet, in as much as we need to clearly pin down the responsibility of each criminal act, the role of nature and nurture in determining the criminal behavior has to be investigated at more depth and on a more urgent basis, than in the case of general human behavior. References: Butterfield, R. (2004). A Psychological Profile Into The Criminal Mind. Philadelphia. PA : Xlibris Corporation Ebstein R. & Belmaker R.H. (2002). Genetics of Sensation or Novelty Seeking and Criminal Behavior. In, The Neurobiology of Criminal Behavior, ed. J. Glicksohn. pp.   51-80. Norwell, MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers Eysenck H.J. Personality and Crime. (1998). The Case for Parental Licensure. In,   Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior, ed. T. Millon et al. pp. 40-49. New York : The Guilford Press Ishikawa, S.S. & Raine A. (2002). Behavioral Genetics and Crime. In, The Neurobiology of Criminal Behavior, ed. J. Glicksohn. pp.   27-50. Norwell, MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers Lykken D.T. (1998). The Case for Parental Licensure. In,   Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior, ed. T. Millon et al. pp. 122-144. New York : The Guilford Press Millon T, Simonsen, E. & Birket-Smith, M. (1998). Historical Conceptions of Psychopathy in the United States and Europe. In,   Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior, ed. T. Millon et al. pp. 3-31. New York : The Guilford Press Steen R. G. (1996). DNA & Destiny: Nature & Nurture in Human Behavior. Cambridge, MA : Perseus Publishing Zuckerman M. (2002). Personality and Psychopathy: Shared Behavioral and Biological Traits. In, The Neurobiology of Criminal Behavior, ed. J. Glicksohn. pp. 81-110. Norwell, MA : Kluwer Academic Publishers

Book Review The Invisible Gorilla and Other Ways our...

The Invisible Gorilla In the book The Invisible Gorilla: and Other Ways our Intuitions Deceive Us, the authors discuss the ways in which we as human being do not really understand the world around us although we may believe that we do. Often, the things that we believe to be true or real prove not to be so. Also, it is not only foolish or unintelligent people who get fooled or deceived. Some of the smartest people who ever lived have been affected by incorrect perceptions of the world. The authors highlight six different illusions which they say impact our ability to understand the world and to make logical connections between things. Edward Dolnick writes in The Clockwork Universe about the greatest thinkers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, including Leibniz, Renee Descartes, and Isaac Newton. By looking at those three men and examining the illusions that even these men were fooled by, we can understand more about ourselves. The three illusions which are most obviously seen in the work of thes e men are: the illusion of attention, the illusion of knowledge and confidence, and the illusion regarding a series of events. According to the writers of The Invisible Gorilla, the illusion of attention says that we observe more than we think we do and that we do not really see a lot of what is actually going on. The book discusses various experiments where peoples observational skills were challenged and it turns out that people do not pay attention to things as muchShow MoreRelatedHalo Effect Essay2917 Words   |  12 Pagesthe same manufacturer. One of the more common halo effects is the judgment that a good looking person is intelligent and amiable. There is also a reverse halo effect whereby perception of a negative or undesirable trait in individuals, brands, or other things influences further negative judgments about the traits of that individual, brand, etc. If a person looks evil or looks guilty you may judge anything he says or does with suspicion; eventually you may feel confident that you have confirmedRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesDowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical ReasoningRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesChristian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United