Reasons for Defining and Criminalizing Terrorism in International Law E

Fear based oppression is centered around an uneven conviction that directs gigantic devastation of establishments, establishments and national images. It speaks to a way of thinking, which doesn't agree to presence of mind. Fear mongering acts involve singular brain science, tireless philosophy, strict responsibility, or political energy. The most crushing fear based oppression assault in the United States was on September 11, 2001. Other U S assaults were the Manhattan assault in 1997, the Anthrax assault in 2001, an earlier World Trade Center assault in 1993, the Wall Street Bombing assault in 1920, and the Kalama City shelling in 1995 (Askshintala, 2013). Psychological oppression assaults have additionally occurred in Israel, Greece, Chechnya a fringe among Russia and European nations and India (Askshintala, 2013). These assaults and different assaults that were not as pulverizing have gotten a lot of a universal lawful discussion on fear mongering. Psychological warfare ought to be condemned under global law. During the 21st Century demonstrations of residential and worldwide fear based oppression have essentially expanded. In this manner the worldwide network of countries has the test to receive a typical way to deal with the treatment of fear based oppression as a global wrongdoing. The test at present is for the worldwide network of countries to receive a typical way to deal with the treatment of fear mongering as a global wrongdoing (Lawless, 2008). Truth be told, psychological warfare is a universal wrongdoing it requires the global network to act in the counteraction of fear based oppression and the assent of people executing demonstrations of terrorism(Lawless, 2008). The September 2011 assault on the United States has introduced an open door for the internationalist powers to go to the bleeding edge of the worldwide political plan. ... ... of the Terrorist Attack: Economic, Financial and Policy Consequences. Recovered from Council on Foreign Relations Web website: http://www.cfr.org/fear mongering and-the-economy/repercussions psychological militant assault monetary money related strategy outcomes/p4041 Uncivilized, M. (2008, October 8). Fear mongering: An International Crime. Recovered from Canadaian Military Journal: http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo9/no2/05-uncivilized eng.asp Saul, B. (2014, February 28). Three Reasons for Defining and Criminalizing Terrorism. Recovered from Esil-sedi.eu Web website: http://www.esil-sedi.eu/destinations/default/records/Saul_0.PDF Staff. (2013, November 7). Word reference. Recovered from World Net Princeton Web webpage: http://wordnetweb.princetion.edu/peri/webwn?s=terrorist%20group Walker, J. (2001, September 15). The Cause of Terrorism. Recovered from No Beliefs.com Web webpage: http://www.nobeliefs.com/terrorism.htm

High Cost of Poverty in the United States Essay Example for Free

Significant expense of Poverty in the United States Essay Neediness can be characterized from numerous points of view. In specific endeavors, it tends to be utilized in numbers, while different definitions can be progressively obscure, and used to characterize a way of life. The characterized term of neediness is â€Å"the condition of one who comes up short on a standard or socially adequate measure of cash or material possessions†. (Mirriam Webster, 2011) According to the U.S. Evaluation Bureau, in excess of 37 million individuals live underneath the destitution line. â€Å"The positions of Americas poor expand to just about 1 out of 6 individuals a year ago, arriving at another high as long haul joblessness left a large number of Americans battling and unemployed. The quantity of uninsured edged up to 49.9 million, the greatest in more than two decades.† (Yen, 2011) Poverty is clearly normal in our nation, and everywhere throughout the world. Indeed, even with the United States being the wealthiest nation on the planet, we despite everything have numerous Americans who battle regularly to endure. The theme I decided to concentrate on is the significant expense of destitution, and how it really costs more to be poor. In spite of the fact that it appears to be a confusing expression, it is an extremely reasonable point. I picked this point since I have by and by been engaged with the two sides of monetary statuses. In spite of the fact that I don't live in outrageous destitution, I actually have a pay that falls inside the line of neediness, yet I don't have a family to help and have understudy advances to live off of. I needed to know further detail of how the individuals who just experience destitution, have restricted options, and how their drawbacks really cost them more cash. My own background is one from an upper working class family, and was brought up in a rich suburb in a predominately white network. My family never had money related battles, so I had no involvement in doing combating bills. I worked in secondary school and had my own cash, yet I had nothing to pay for. I thought I made a good measure of cash making $7 60 minutes, and just working 15-20 hours per week. For an individual without any bills or leases to pay for, $150-200 seven days was a great deal to me. As of late, I moved out of my parent’s rural home and into the city to be nearer to class and addition some freedom as a grown-up. I make about $250-400 every week, contingent upon the action of the eatery I server at. I before long understood that I am extremely reliant on my two flat mates to part bills and lease, since I would never bear to live all alone. Despite the fact that we live in a low salary neighborhood, the expense of food, lease, electric, warmth and link charges stack up, and I battle to pay them. I likewise just compensation 33% of the full expense. I have a vehicle I have to place gas in, a rec center participation I pay month to month and charge card charges each month. I presently perceive how individuals that make the same amount of, or short of what I do, battle considerably more to make a decent living when their pay is at the leader of the family. I needed to demonstrate to individuals that it is increasingly costly to be poor, in light of the absence of assets, pay and credit, and furthermore what their alternatives become for endurance because of these conditions. I likewise did a quantitative report on leasing as opposed to possessing a thing, to show that it really costs more to lease something than to buy it forthright. I decided to test a similar three things from two unique stores, and recording the costs to see the distinctions of leasing and possessing it. I am mindful that most people in destitution, normally need more cash to buy things or homes forthright so they frequently lease them, figuring they can bear the cost of week after week or regularly scheduled installments to loosen up their salary to manage the cost of other life necessities. My first idea I decided to center was access to food. I contemplated the amount I spend on the food I appreciate for only for me by and by, and I think it is costly. I appreciate foods grown from the ground vegetables, brand name grains and costly breads. Since I grew up eating the specific brands, I proceed to attempt to manage the cost of the things I like. Being a person with a low pay, I can't envision supporting myself, however a family exclusively on my pay. In this examination paper, I will clarify the hardships of getting to and from the market, and on the off chance that you can't, you have to shop somewhere else, for example, corner stores.† Prices in urban corner stores are quite often higher, financial analysts state. Also, now and then, costs in stores in more unfortunate neighborhoods are higher. A large number of these stores charge more on the grounds that the expense of working together in certain areas is higher.† [ (Brown, 2009) ] This can prompt investing additional energy, peril, stress, and at long last, costing the individual more cash. It likewise powers those with less cash to spend, higher hazard for corpulence. â€Å"Inequitable access to sound nourishments is one component by which financial elements impact the eating regimen and wellbeing of a population†. (Drewnowski, 2009) Since they don't have the cash to manage the cost of sound decisions, they should pick nourishments that they can loosen up so as to take care of their families, regardless of whether it isn't solid. My next idea I decided to contemplate was the cost of the lowest pay permitted by law, and how it isn’t actually the base inclusion of standard living. In New York State, the lowest pay permitted by law is $7.25. â€Å"About 20% of American grown-ups who have employments are acquiring under $10.65 60 minutes. Indeed, even at 40 hours every week, that adds up to under $22,314, which is the neediness level for a group of four†. [ (Isidore, 2011) ]. This just expresses a month to month salary of about $1,000-$2,000 is practically difficult to get by on. This may prompt terrible credit, constrained into leasing, and having individuals do risky or crime to get cash or things for their families. The neediness rate for all individuals masks significant variety among racial and ethnic subgroups. Neediness rates for blacks and Hispanics extraordinarily surpass the national normal. As indicated by the United States Census Bureau, â€Å"In 2010, 27.4 percent of blacks and 26.6 percent of Hispanics were poor, contrasted with 9.9 percent of non-Hispanic whites and 12.1 percent of Asians.† (Bureau of the Census, 2011) Poverty rates are regularly the most noteworthy for families headed by single ladies, especially on the off chance that they are dark or Hispanic. â€Å"In 2010, 31.6 percent of families headed by single ladies were poor, while 15.8 percent of families headed by single men and 6.2 percent of wedded couple family units lived in poverty.† (Bureau of the Census, 2011). â€Å"The official neediness level is a yearly pay of $22,314 for a group of four â€Å". (Yen, 2011) All things considered, contingent upon the size of a family, a family living in neediness has a normal pay of under $20,000. This can incorporate couples with youngsters, single guardians with at least one kids. Obviously, this isn't a ton of cash to help a family on, and along these lines they need to find a way to endure, which brings about greater expenses, and adding to the announcement of the significant expense of neediness. You must be rich to be poor. This is the thing that a few people, who have never lived beneath the neediness line, dont comprehend. The more unfortunate you are, the more things cost. Extra strides in cash, time, bother, depletion, and risk. This is an unavoidable truth that TV, magazines and media, don't regularly clarify. Take for instance, food. To begin with, in the event that you don't have a vehicle, getting to the grocery store can take somewhere in the range of one to three hours of open transportation, and costing a cost to utilize the transport or a taxi. To utilize the technique for open transportation, it is important to need to stack the entirety of your food supplies into the transport, or taxi. This is constraining to space and capacity of conveying the entirety of some food supplies. A less complex rendition of this is stroll to the corner store, for nothing, yet where the basic food item choice is restricted and costs are multiplied. â€Å"Prices in urban corner stores are quite often higher, financial experts state. Furthermore, now and then, costs in general stores in less fortunate neighborhoods are higher. A large number of these stores charge more on the grounds that the expense of working together in certain areas is higher.† (Brown, 2009) Also, on the off chance that you are living in destitution, you will probably not be bringing in enough cash to purchase $100 or increasingly worth of food supplies for your family. This outcomes in the individual or family going through more cash, to either get to the supermarket, or paying more for the food to set aside cash venturing out to and from. At long last, it is a losing circumstance, and the poor are paying more at long last than somebody who is well off and approaches the important assets. Going through more cash than working class, or rich class to purchase staple goods is one case of how high the expense of neediness is. On the off chance that the poor is going through cash in the corner stores, they are probably not getting nutritious nourishments or solid decisions that most corner stores don't convey. Corpulence is an immediate outcome from that, seeing that unfortunate nourishments cost path not exactly good dieting does.† Obesity and type 2 diabetes follow a financial inclination. Most noteworthy rates are seen among bunches with the least degrees of instruction and pay and in the most denied zones. Discriminatory access to solid nourishments is one component by which financial variables impact the eating regimen and wellbeing of a population†. (Drewnowski, 2009) Low pay levels leave individuals no decision yet to pick nourishments that are supplement poor, since it is a value that can manage the cost of and something they can loosen up among their e ntire family to take care of them. It is additionally the most ideal approach to give day by day calories at a moderate expense. The individuals who are battling monetarily are plainly the most hindered with regards to smart dieting propensities. In our markets today we have such a large number of counterfeit sugars, additives, fats and desserts that make certain to taste great, yet not useful for our wellbeing. Fats and desserts will in general cost way less, where as sound nourishments cost more. It looks bad to have unfortunate nourishments cost not exactly solid food sources, however it is the assembling and creation that determi

Collegiate Olympians

Collegiate Olympians February 8 Only Westminster College has sent more athletes to Sochi than Dartmouth College (photo from Dartmouth Athletics). From which universities do the most Olympians hail from, you ask? Well, the answer may surprise you. The answer is Westminster College in Salt Lake City, Utah (the home of the 2002 Olympics spearhead by Mitt Romney). Westminster sent off twenty-three (twenty-three!) athletes to this years Winter Games. Incredible, right? Theyve only got 3,100 students in all so were not talking about a major research university here with a football team competing for a BCS title! But enough about Westminster because Westminster has never popped up on our college admissions blog before. However, the university that is sending the second most Olympians to the Olympic Games in Sochi pops up quite a bit as its an Ivy League school. Dartmouth College has sent twelve athletes to these Olympic Games in Sochi. including nine representing the United States of America and three flying the flag of other countries. This latter group includes our friend Gillian Apps as she represents Canada in ice hockey. This will be Gillians third Olympic games. We got a chance to touch her gold medal from 2006. She won another in 2010. We expect that she will win a third this time around, possibly her swan song for the Olympic Games. Did you think it would be Dartmouth that sent more athletes to the Olympic Games than any school other than Westminster? Did you think Harvard would have more? Have you ever seen the Dartmouth womens ice hockey team? Or checked out their amazing ski teams? The school literally has its own ski slope. They attract the best skiers and some of these folks go on to compete at the highest level in sport at the Olympics. While youre here, check out this post on the Ivy League and the Olympics.

Functions Of Management Essay - 939 Words

The four functions of management Executing the goals of an organization is the main responsibility of a manager, and their tasks can be broken down into four basic functions; planning, organizing, leading and controlling. While all managers at every level of a company perform these tasks, the amount of time spent on each is dependant upon the level of management and the specifics of the organization. Top level managers, such as company presidents, vice presidents, chief executive officers, and chief operating officers are responsible for the overall management of an organization. It is also necessary for them to â€Å"†¦focus on long-term issues and emphasize the survival, growth, and overall effectiveness of the organization† (Bateman †¦show more content†¦If there was a new item being rolled out, the vice president would set a plan for each of the stores to set into action. This could include gathering data on trends or product development to determine whether a new item would do well in a specific city. The corporate office would make decisions regarding marketing and advertising, while my general manager would work on the in store specifics and logistics of how to roll out the item, and ensure its success, within the confines of our store. As a frontline manager, my responsibility would be to work with the staff to ensure a smooth transition. Organizing This next function works hand in hand with planning. Once there is a plan in place, resources, materials, and employees all need to be organized to ensure internal structure. This concept is vital to the success of a goal. â€Å"Organizing activities include attracting people to the organization, specifying job responsibilities, grouping jobs into work units, marshaling and allocating resources, and creating conditions so that people and things work together to achieve maximum success.† (Bateman Snell) In my company upper management establishes and maintains the policies and procedures that make our restaurant a positive place to work. It is their responsibility to attract and hire competent managers that will effectively run the stores. It is the general managers’ duty to ensure that the staffing levels are appropriate, and the properShow MoreRelatedManagement Functions And Functions Of Management1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"Managementà ¢â‚¬  refers to the performance of some functions such as planning, organizing, controlling and directing by an individual or a group of individuals in order to achieve a common goal. Management is required when we work in group. Management functions cannot be performed in isolation . Management has been defined by a number of authors. Some of which are as follows: â€Å"Management is the art of getting things done through others† ---- Mary Parker Follett â€Å"Management is the coordinationRead MoreManagement Functions And Functions Of Management1304 Words   |  6 Pages Essay Management is viewed as a critical part in any business or corporate commercial enterprises. Group assignments provide a useful platform for understanding the management functions that consist of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (POLC). I totally do agree with this statement. Management of groups is actually the key to all of these P-O-L-C functions. Any management can accomplish and succeed objectives through the organizing execution of these four functions (123helpme.comRead MoreManagement Functions And Functions Of Management Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesAssessing Management Functions List the four functions of management and provide an overview of their purpose for the organization. The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The planning function establishes a way to attain the desired objectives, resolve issues and facilitate action. The purpose of the planning function is to align the vision, culture, employees and the organizational structure with the strategies, and this involves multiple levels acrossRead MoreManagement Functions And Functions Of Management860 Words   |  4 Pages Essay Management is viewed as a critical part in any business or corporate commercial enterprises. Group assignments provide a useful platform for understanding the management functions that consist of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (POLC). I totally do agree with this statement. Management of groups is actually the key to all of these P-O-L-C functions. Any management can accomplish and succeed objectives through the organizing execution of these four functions (123helpme.comRead MoreFunctions And Functions Of Management1113 Words   |  5 Pagesprimary functions involving management, which are considered the very life line and it’s existent. These four functions are instrumental and detrimental to the success and longevity of any company. Without these vital staples, a company is doomed before it is birth, and they are planning, organizing, leading and controlling. However, there is another essential component to the functions of management, and it is the importan t of diversity. 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Management comprises of planning, organising, staffing, leading, directing, and controlling an organisation (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishingRead MoreManagement And Functions Of Management1063 Words   |  5 PagesManagement in business and associations is the capacity that facilitates the endeavors of individuals to achieve objectives and targets utilizing accessible assets proficiently and adequately. Management includes planning, arranging, staffing, heading or steering, and controlling an association to achieve the objective. Resourcing includes the arrangement and control of human assets, budgetary assets, innovative assets, and regular assets. Administration is additionally a scholarl y teach, a social

Ronald Regan - 1033 Words

Ronald Reagan, My American Hero October 5, 2014 English 101 Ronald Reagan was more than just our nation’s 40th President, he was a remarkable leader. Winning the Governor election by more than 1 million votes, and President of the United States for two terms, America was needing a fearless figure in front of economic, domestic and international threats this nation was experiencing. He brought lower tax rates, negotiated the nuclear arms treaty with the Soviet Union, and influenced the tear down of the Berlin wall and the ending the Cold War without firing a shot. Reagan left Office in 1989 and said, â€Å"We meant to change the nation, but instead we changed the world† (cardigan, 1995). Spending his last years with†¦show more content†¦(The White House, n.d). During his first term Reagan temporarily stopped government hiring to slow the growth of the state workforce, but he also approved tax increases to balance the state budget. (The White House, n.d). In 1970, Reagan was elected for a second term. (The White House, n .d). Governor Reagan worked with Democratic majority in the state legislature to endorse a major reform to the welfare system in 1971(The White House, n.d). The reform reduced the number of people receiving state aid while increasing the benefits for those who remained eligible. During his tenure as governor, Reagan chaired the Republican Governors Association from 1968 to 1969. (The White House, n.d). ). In 1974, Ronald Reagan left office as Governor of California to peruse his Republican interests The White House (N.D)Bottom of Form Boosted by his success in California, Reagan made an abortive run for the presidency in 1968, a candidacy that divided his followers and national conservatives. (Miller center, 2014). Some of them wanted Reagan to seek the presidency; others believed he should prove himself longer as governor before running for higher office (Miller center, 2014). Ronald Reagan won the Republican Presidential nomination in 1980 and chose as his running mate former Texas Congressman and United Nations Ambassador George Bush, (Miller center, 2014). Voters troubled by inflation and by the year-long confinement of Americans in IranShow MoreRelatedRonald Regan Paper1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Reagan, Ronald Wilson (1911- ),the 40th president of the United States (1981-1989), enforced the policies that reversed a general direction of movement toward greater government involvement in economic and social regulation. Reagan as the younger of two sons, was born in Tampico, Illinois and spent m ost of his childhood in Dixon, Illinois. After studying at Eureka College,a small Disciples of Christ college near Peoria, Illinois, he majored in economics, and became the president of theRead MoreA Time For Choosing By Ronald Regan1447 Words   |  6 Pages In Ronald Regan’s speech, â€Å"A Time for Choosing† he starts by saying that for most of his life he was a Democrat and that â€Å"I have recently seen fit to follow another course. He then goes on to talk about the economy saying that the tax burden is one that no nation in history has ever survived. He then goes on to illustrate with facts saying that â€Å"Every 37 cents out of every dollar earned in this country is the tax collectors share, and yet our government continues to spend 17 million dollars a dayRead MoreRonald Regan: A Brief Biography731 Words   |  3 PagesRonald Reagan once said â€Å"What I’d really like to do is go down in history as Michelle President who made Americans believe in Michellemselves again.† (World Book Encyclopedia, 185) Reagan first rose to prominence in Michelle United States as a popular film actor. He Michellen turned to politics and became governor of Michelle state of California. That led eight years as Michelle president of Michelle United States. Through it all, Reagan emerged as one of Michelle most popular and influential AmericansRead MoreRonald Regan s Impact On Economic Prosperity844 Words   |  4 Pages It was started in 1981 when Ronald Regan started the 30-year war which was supposed to restore economic prosperity. The administrations aided were, Regan, Bush, and Clinton administrations. The presidents were Ronald Regan, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. The parties aided were the parties of the presidents mentioned above. Glass Steagall Act limits activities, affiliations, and securities within commercial banks. It was passed after the great depression. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was passed in 1999Read MoreWhat Makes a Hospital a Top 100 Hospital Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Makes a Top 100 Hospital Ronald Regan UCLA Medical Center – What Makes a Top 100 Hospital Castellanos, Juan Manuel DeVry University What Makes a Top 100 Hospital? Since 1993, the Truven Health 100 Top Hospitals program has used both independent and objective research to guide hospital and health system performance. In this process, they analyze public data sources to compare hospitals to similar organizations. The 100 Top Hospitals program uses a balanced scorecard that incorporatesRead MoreThe Difficult Foreign Policy Issues Faced by Late Twentieth Century Presidents732 Words   |  3 PagesPresident Jimmy Carter, elected in 1977, to President Ronald Regan elected in 1981. Carter attempted at peacemaking efforts to help bring stability to the Middle East, but faced the challenge of the Iran Hostage Crisis in 1979. He shaped his foreign policy through integrity, morality, and honest, to bring trust in the government to the American citizens as the previous president, Richard Nixon made the people lost their trust in the government. Ronald Regan supported a conservative foreign policy and greatlyRead MorePresidentail Power: The State of the Union Speech Essays1084 Words   |  5 PagesPresidents, like Ronald Regan were liked by a good number of people which helps them get more power because they had the support of the public. There is never a guarantee that one hundred percent of the people will like them, but a lot of people did like Regan during his presidency. With his â€Å"Regan Revolution,† he was able to restore national confidence and created peaceful prosperity for the longest known recorded time period (Ronald Regan). This period of contentment made Ronald Regan powerful in theRead MoreEssay on The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy1287 Words   |  6 PagesDiplomacy The Reagan Doctrine was the foreign policy in the United States, enacted by President Ronald Reagan. The doctrine was design to eradicate the communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were authorized and corroborated by the Soviet Union. This assignment will review by what method the United States delivered open and private backing to guerrilla and resistance movements during the Regan years. Additionally, explain the political doctrine detailed events that occurred in AfghanistanRead MoreEvents Causes And Consequences Of President Ronald Reagan992 Words   |  4 Pages patriotic leader who had a plan to fix the economic problems carrying over from the 1970s. Jimmy Carter was running for reelection, and Americans overall were very unhappy with his leadership. Ronald Reagan emerged as his challenger, a former actor with great public skills and a plan. They elected Ronald Reagan in 1980 who had a controversial plan for fixing the U.S. economy, later dubbed â€Å"R eaganomics.† 1980 Regan’s Plan The economy focused on cutting taxes, reducing the size of government, andRead MorePresident Reagan s Presidential Speech941 Words   |  4 Pageshypothesis, yet Graph 1 shows the overall approval ratings of Ronald Reagan did not simply increase throughout his presidency, but rather shifted over time. In analyzing the data, it is crucial not to overlook the limitations of the data. The data collected is confined to fifteen of President Reagan’s numerous speeches, and over a span of only six years (1981-1987). This sample excludes a large number of speeches given by President Regan, but I do believe the data offers a representative measure

Leadership Development Management

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Development Management. Answer: Introduction Least preferred co-worker (LPC) can be of two types that is low LPC and high LPC. The low LPC indicates a task oriented leaders and the high LPC indicates a relationship oriented leaders (Dessler, 2013). Thus this concept helps in effective leadership based on the situation. Analysis of LPC In this provided case study, there are 16 questions and each have a set of numbers from 1 8 and based on the preference one have to answer. As a personal banker and a leader of my team of bankers, I answered all the questions by highlighting the preferred option by keeping in mind an individual with whom I had the most difficulty in getting a job done. I marked 4 for unpleasant, 4 for friendly, 3 for rejecting, 5 for helpful, 5 for unenthusiastic, 6 for relaxed, 3 for close, 1 for cold, 6 for uncooperative, 3 for hostile, 1 for boring. For the rest of the answers, I answered 5 for quarrelsome, 4 for hesitant, 7 for efficient, 2 for gloomy and 2 for guarded. By adding these results, it gives a total of 61. This total indicates that I am a leader who belongs to the intermediate range of both relationship oriented and task oriented leader. Conclusion Therefore, it can be said that this LPC analysis helps me to understand myself as a leader. This will help me to measure the effectiveness of the performance of my team of bankers in order to succeed. This analysis will also help in understanding prescriptive, expertise and research, identification of perfect leader for a job and also in maintaining flexibility (Burns, 2012). References Burns, J. (2012).Leadership. New York, NY: Open Road Integrated Media. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall.

Korean Shamanism vs Chinese Customary

Introduction The most outstanding aspect about both Chinese customary religion and Korean Shamanism is their eclecticism; both faiths have absorbed several elements from other religions and have also contributed in the same manner to these faiths. However, while Shamanism is regarded as more of a form of medicine than religion, Chinese customary religion is deeply superstitious.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Korean Shamanism vs Chinese Customary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Korean Shamanism Korean Shamanism is a religious faith practiced in Korea. It is highly polytheistic and adherents also believe in the existence of spirits. The religion reflects the connection of the Korean people with their traditional customs and rites. In this faith, believers assert that spirits can be found everywhere; some of them emanate from their ancestors while others come from nature. These spirits are supposed to help man du ring his weak moments, restore justice by punishing wrong doers and guide man in his endeavors.1 Historically, Shamanism started as far back as 1000BC. At the time, society already had an organized government, and relied heavily on agriculture as the backbone of its economy. A number of religious festivals started springing up during agricultural harvests so as to facilitate thanksgiving among the people. Attendants in the festivals were called mudang, which came to be a central part of Korean Shamanism in the future. The kut is the name of a similar ceremony that takes place today. Later on, other religions started emerging, and most of them penetrated into the three dynasties that characterize Korean history. Shamanists struggled to assimilate these elements into their faith owing to influences from Buddhism and Confucianism. In subsequent times, the religion continued to diminish. At first, in the Koryo era, Buddhism appeared to be the most influential religion of all. Rituals su ch as Yun Deung Hoi (an annual festival) were quite common. However, although the festival was labeled as a Buddhist one, its internal structure borrowed heavily from traditional Shamanism.2 In the Cho-Sun period, the kut was reduced to a lower class.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even Buddhism was not spared as rulers wanted to establish Confucianism as the only legitimate religion in the land. This joint persecution of Buddhism and Shamanism led to greater exchange of elements between these two faiths. At the time, Shamanism was perceived as primitive and out of touch. In the subsequent era, which was Japanese colonization, many Japanese attacked the kut because they knew that it gave Koreans a strong ancestral bond. In the new world, the practice continued to dwindle even more as it became incompatible with modernization. Western thought is more predominant and influenti al thus leading to further marginalization of the practice today. While many adherents may not consider themselves as followers of this faith; they think of it as a remedy or form of medicine that man can use in order to meet his own objectives. In this school of thought, believers are not expected to strive for spiritual perfection or some sort of moral goal. A Shaman is the person who must be consulted when people require intervention in their lives. Nonetheless, this religious practice has been responsible for greater nationalism in Korea. It has encouraged most people to value the cultural aspects of song and dance that revolve around the kut. Some sort of revival has started occurring in various cities and currently, the cultural practices in this faith have solicited renewed attention. Chinese customary religion Chinese customary religion is regarded as a faith that is based on superstition more than a particular doctrine. Folk religion is regarded as a vital part of contempor ary China owing to the influences that it placed on subsequent religions as well as on the Chinese peoples’ lives. The religion emanated from people’s desire to meet the needs of their ancestors. The living believed that there was a lot of power in nature hence their need to exalt it.3 In fact, nature worship is a key element in Chinese customary religion today. A further analysis of this religious practice illustrates a blend of occult practice with superstition and governmental influence. Between 202 BC and 220 AD, the Han dynasty played a large role in changing religious practices in China. The government was responsible for the creation and maintenance of shrines. It prescribed the rituals that its citizen needed to perform in shrines.4 Some of them included practices in honor of the mountain spirits, rain, soil and other kinds of nature gods. However, locals created their own agents who would make contact with the spirits, and thus perpetuated an occult practice.5 Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Korean Shamanism vs Chinese Customary specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The religion is a collection of myths, rituals, festivals and other forms of worship. Since the adherents believe in nature gods and existence of spirits everywhere, then the practice of communicating with these spirits is not uncommon.6 Furthermore, the followers listen to a series of myths that talk about certain figures in their history. Additionally, some levels of animism are practiced today where the followers will communicate with animals. The version of the religion that is known to many is Shenism. Shenist temples are widespread and are managed by a series of associations or local leaders.7 How Chinese customary religion compares to Korean Shamanism The most obvious similarity between these two forms of religion is their eclectic nature. Just like the Koreans, the Chinese have been subjected to severa l influences from subsequent leaders. The adherents may worship inconsistent gods owing to their integration with other religions.8 Since governments in both China and Korea were heavily involved in the religious practices of their people, then it is no wonder that sometimes the religions would dwindle and resurface as weaker versions of the same. Various dynasties in both countries prescribed the areas of worship for their adherents. Consequently, the local religions were subjected to continuous marginalization. In fact, it was this government interference that led to the declining popularity of Korean Shamanism and Chinese customary religion. Only traces of the original forms can be found in current practices because practices have been watered down or oppressed by those in power. In line with the above school of thought is the polytheistic nature of both types of religion. There are numerous spirits and gods in Chinese customary religion as well in Korean Shamanism. In the Chines e school, one can find a creator god called Pangu, an agricultural god called Shennong and an Emperor god called Huangdi, who many regard as the founder of China. Other gods are responsible for long life, health, happiness, wealth distribution, success at work, scholarship and academic work, city living, and love. Likewise in Korean Shamanism, worshippers have a myriad of gods that range from mountain gods, tree gods and other administrative gods who are found in heaven and rule over various elements of their lives.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, one can assert that the Korean Shamanists and the Chinese folk adherents wanted to meet various facets of their spiritual needs by having gods and goddesses from almost each aspect of their lives.9 However, in modern times, a Shaman has the right to select just a few of these gods in order to practice his faith. Ancestral worship is also another common phenomenon in both religions. In ancient China, ancestral worship emanated from the funeral practices of the traditional religions. Family heads would be buried with their earthly belongings as well their wives. In the modern era, people would be buried with cars, money and other possessions. Today, one is likely to witness ancestral worship in the forms of names on scrolls. Followers will place these lists in one particular hall in their house. Some of them may consider sharing meals with the dead ten years after the burial. It is believed that the ancestors can provide solutions to their problems. However, if one negle cts these duties, then one may land oneself in trouble. For instance, if there are no relatives to take care of the dead, then they may be sent from Hell to forage for food. This is the reason why the community has festivals where they offer money and food to get rid of the ghosts in their land. Likewise, the Korean Shamanists have their own form of ancestral worship. They will carry out rites such as Ssitgim-gut in order to cleanse a dead man’s spirit.10 They will also have rites such as Hwanghaeodo in order to create salvation against angry ghosts or spirits.11 In another Shamanist rite, the villagers may worship tutelary grandparents. A number of them revolve around guiding the dead into paradise or the land of the dead, hence the reason why many of them are held at regular intervals such as during the anniversary of one’s death.12 One major feature that makes the Chinese customary religion distinct is its followers’ willingness to accept the inevitable. An o utsider may think of Korean Shamanism as chaotic and highly disjointed. The same impression may be held with regard to Chinese customary religion. However, the Chinese folk religion differs from Shamanism because its adherents believe in the power of a High God. The Chinese are firmly rooted in Taoist belief systems which advocate for peace with the universe. Therefore, adherents of the Chinese customary religion believe that a Supreme Being ultimately controls the universe. It is his will which must be trusted and not any other. 13 The one High God balances life inequalities and ensures that everything goes according to plan. Men must accept the involvement of this being in their lives hence explaining why most followers appear to bow inevitably to earthly occurrences such as totalitarianism and dictatorship. In Korean Shamanism, no such belief in an ultimate God exists, so other reasons must be sought in order to understand why followers were affected by external forces.14 Another feature that differentiates Shamanism from Chinese customary religion is the concept of Shamans. Most shamans are female intercessors whose work is to assist humans in achieving fulfilled lives. Most of them provide services to cure illnesses or eliminate any evil spirits. The process by which a person becomes a Shaman is quite dramatic and unique. The person may get some sort of â€Å"illness of the spirit† that results in hallucinations, loss of sleep and no need for food. This illness can be cured when the person receives a god spirit and becomes a Shaman.15 Although some levels of fortune-telling exist in traditional Chinese religion, the concept does not form a crucial backbone of their faith. Conclusion The two religions studied are highly amorphous, which is a quality derived from the lack of unified teachings. Followers do not have to strive for moral or physical perfection as it is assumed that they can change their paths autonomously. Bibliography Ching, Julia. Chi nese religions. Chicago: Orbis books, 1993. Covell, Alan. Folk art and magic: Shamanism in Korea. Seoul: Hollym Corp., 1986. Eliade, Mircea. Shamanism: Archaic techniques. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University press, 2004. Gates, Hill. Hegemony of Chinese folk ideologies. NY: Sage, 1987. Heinz, Carolyn Brown. Asian Cultural Traditions. Minneapolis: Waveland Press, 1999. Hyun-Key Kim, Hogarth. â€Å"Kut: Happiness through reciprocity.† International Society for Shamanistic Research 7, no. 13 (1998): 413-438. Latourette, Kenneth. The Chinese: their history and culture. NY: Mcmillan Company, 1964 Lee, Jung Young. Korean Shamanistic rituals. The Hague: Mouton, 1981. Kendall, Laurel. Shamans, housewives and other restless spirits: women in Korean ritual life. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985. Keoghtley, David. Heritage of China: Early civilizations in China. California: University of California Press, 1990. Kim, Chongho. Korean Shamanism: The cultural paradox. Engl and: Ashgate, 2003. Kim, Tae-Kon. Korean Shamanism. Seoul: Jimoondang publishing company, 2005. Manchao, Cheng. The origin of Chinese deities. Beijing: Foreign Language press, 1995. Munro, Donald. The concept of man in early China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969 Wm, Barry. Theodore de, with Wing tsit Chan and Burton Watson, Sources of Chinese tradition. Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1960. Footnotes 1 Chongho Kim, Korean Shamanism: The cultural paradox (England: Ashgate, 2003), 66. 2 Alan Covell. Folk art and magic: Shamanism in Korea. (Seoul: Hollym Corp., 1986), 404 3 Hill Gates. Hegemony of Chinese folk ideologies (NY: Sage, 1987), 97. 4 Julia Ching, Chinese religions (Chicago: Orbis books, 1993), 34. 5 Kenneth Latourette, The Chinese: their history and culture (NY: Mcmillan Company, 1964), 104. 6 Munro, Donald. The concept of man in early China (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1969), 63. 7 David Keoghtley, Heritage of China: Early civilizations in C hina (California: University of California Press, 1990), 80. 8 Cheng Manchao, The origin of Chinese deities (Beijing: Foreign Language press, 1995), 25. 9 Hogarth Hyun-Key Kim, â€Å"Kut: Happiness through reciprocity,† International Society for Shamanistic Research 7, no. 13 (1998): 413-438. 10 Jung Young Lee, Korean Shamanistic rituals (The Hague: Mouton, 1981), 52. 11 Laurel Kendall, Shamans, housewives and other restless spirits: women in Korean ritual life. (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), 147 12 Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Archaic techniques (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University press, 2004), 121. 13Barry Wm, Theodore de, with Wing tsit Chan and Burton Watson, Sources of Chinese tradition (Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1960), 48. 14 Carolyn Brown Heinz, Asian Cultural Traditions (Minneapolis: Waveland Press, 1999), 58. 15 Tae-Kon Kim, Korean Shamanism (Seoul: Jimoondang publishing company, 2005), 222 This essay on Korean Shamanism vs Chinese Customary was written and submitted by user Alexa U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.